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ROS的概念分為三個層次:文件系统层、计算图层、社区层,這些層次以及概念將會在接下來的章節介紹。

除了这三个层次的概念,ROS同样定义两个names类型,Package Resource Names and Graph Resource Names -- 下面会讨论

注意:从ROS Groovy开始,这些wiki页面介绍的概念针对新的构建系统catkin,针对旧版本的ROS使用rosbuild构建系统,查阅: rosbuild/ROS/Concepts

ROS文件系统层次

文件系统层概念主要指在硬盘里能看到的ROS目录和文件, 例如:

ROS计算图层次

计算图是ROS在点对点网络里整合并处理数据的过程。基本计算图概念是 节点, 主机, 参数服务器, 消息, 服务, 话题, and 数据包,它们通过不同的方式提供数据给图层。

这些概念是在ros_comm库里实现的

The ROS Master acts as a nameservice in the ROS Computation Graph. It stores topics and services registration information for ROS nodes. Nodes communicate with the Master to report their registration information. As these nodes communicate with the Master, they can receive information about other registered nodes and make connections as appropriate. The Master will also make callbacks to these nodes when this registration information changes, which allows nodes to dynamically create connections as new nodes are run.

Nodes connect to other nodes directly; the Master only provides lookup information, much like a DNS server. Nodes that subscribe to a topic will request connections from nodes that publish that topic, and will establish that connection over an agreed upon connection protocol. The most common protocol used in a ROS is called TCPROS, which uses standard TCP/IP sockets.

This architecture allows for decoupled operation, where the names are the primary means by which larger and more complex systems can be built. Names have a very important role in ROS: nodes, topics, services, and parameters all have names. Every ROS client library supports command-line remapping of names, which means a compiled program can be reconfigured at runtime to operate in a different Computation Graph topology.

For example, to control a Hokuyo laser range-finder, we can start the hokuyo_node driver, which talks to the laser and publishes sensor_msgs/LaserScan messages on the scan topic. To process that data, we might write a node using laser_filters that subscribes to messages on the scan topic. After subscription, our filter would automatically start receiving messages from the laser.

Note how the two sides are decoupled. All the hokuyo_node node does is publish scans, without knowledge of whether anyone is subscribed. All the filter does is subscribe to scans, without knowledge of whether anyone is publishing them. The two nodes can be started, killed, and restarted, in any order, without inducing any error conditions.

Later we might add another laser to our robot, so we need to reconfigure our system. All we need to do is remap the names that are used. When we start our first hokuyo_node, we could tell it instead to remap scan to base_scan, and do the same with our filter node. Now, both of these nodes will communicate using the base_scan topic instead and not hear messages on the scan topic. Then we can just start another hokuyo_node for the new laser range finder.

http://ros.org/images/wiki/ROS_basic_concepts.png ROS_basic_concepts.dia

ROS Community Level

The ROS Community Level concepts are ROS resources that enable separate communities to exchange software and knowledge. These resources include:

Names

Graph Resource Names

Graph Resource Names provide a hierarchical naming structure that is used for all resources in a ROS Computation Graph, such as Nodes, Parameters, Topics, and Services. These names are very powerful in ROS and central to how larger and more complicated systems are composed in ROS, so it is critical to understand how these names work and how you can manipulate them.

Before we describe names further, here are some example names:

  • / (the global namespace)

  • /foo

  • /stanford/robot/name

  • /wg/node1

Graph Resource Names are an important mechanism in ROS for providing encapsulation. Each resource is defined within a namespace, which it may share with many other resources. In general, resources can create resources within their namespace and they can access resources within or above their own namespace. Connections can be made between resources in distinct namespaces, but this is generally done by integration code above both namespaces. This encapsulation isolates different portions of the system from accidentally grabbing the wrong named resource or globally hijacking names.

Names are resolved relatively, so resources do not need to be aware of which namespace they are in. This simplifies programming as nodes that work together can be written as if they are all in the top-level namespace. When these Nodes are integrated into a larger system, they can be pushed down into a namespace that defines their collection of code. For example, one could take a Stanford demo and a Willow Garage demo and merge them into a new demo with stanford and wg subgraphs. If both demos had a Node named 'camera', they would not conflict. Tools (e.g. graph visualization) as well as parameters (e.g. demo_name) that need to be visible to the entire graph can be created by top-level Nodes.

Valid Names

A valid name has the following characteristics:

  1. First character is an alpha character ([a-z|A-Z]), tilde (~) or forward slash (/)

  2. Subsequent characters can be alphanumeric ([0-9|a-z|A-Z]), underscores (_), or forward slashes (/)

Exception: base names (described below) cannot have forward slashes (/) or tildes (~) in them.

Here are some regexps to validate a name:

  • (?=.*[A-z0-9_]$)^[/~A-z][A-z0-9_/]*$

  • ^[A-z][A-z0-9_]*$ (for a base name)

Resolving

There are four types of Graph Resource Names in ROS: base, relative, global, and private, which have the following syntax:

  • base

  • relative/name

  • /global/name

  • ~private/name

By default, resolution is done relative to the node's namespace. For example, the node /wg/node1 has the namespace /wg, so the name node2 will resolve to /wg/node2.

Names with no namespace qualifiers whatsoever are base names. Base names are actually a subclass of relative names and have the same resolution rules. Base names are most frequently used to initialize the node name.

Names that start with a "/" are global -- they are considered fully resolved. Global names should be avoided as much as possible as they limit code portability.

Names that start with a "~" are private. They convert the node's name into a namespace. For example, node1 in namespace /wg/ has the private namespace /wg/node1. Private names are useful for passing parameters to a specific node via the parameter server.

Here are some name resolution examples:

Node

Relative (default)

Global

Private

/node1

bar -> /bar

/bar -> /bar

~bar -> /node1/bar

/wg/node2

bar -> /wg/bar

/bar -> /bar

~bar -> /wg/node2/bar

/wg/node3

foo/bar -> /wg/foo/bar

/foo/bar -> /foo/bar

~foo/bar -> /wg/node3/foo/bar

Remapping

Any name within a ROS Node can be remapped when the Node is launched at the command-line. For more information on this feature, see Remapping Arguments.

Package Resource Names

Package Resource Names are used in ROS with Filesystem-Level concepts to simplify the process of referring to files and data types on disk. Package Resource Names are very simple: they are just the name of the Package that the resource is in plus the name of the resource. For example, the name "std_msgs/String" refers to the "String" message type in the "std_msgs" Package.

Some of the ROS-related files that may be referred to using Package Resource Names include:

Package Resource Names are very similar to file paths, except they are much shorter. This is due to the ability of ROS to locate Packages on disk and make additional assumptions about their contents. For example, Message descriptions are always stored in the msg subdirectory and have the .msg extension, so std_msgs/String is shorthand for path/to/std_msgs/msg/String.msg. Similarly, the Node type foo/bar is equivalent to searching for a file named bar in Package foo with executable permissions.

Valid Names

Package Resource Names have strict naming rules as they are often used in auto-generated code. For this reason, a ROS package cannot have special characters other than an underscore, and they must start with an alphabetical character. A valid name has the following characteristics:

  1. First character is an alpha character ([a-z|A-Z])
  2. Subsequent characters can be alphanumeric ([0-9|a-z|A-Z]), underscores (_) or a forward slash (/)

  3. There is at most one forward slash ('/').

Code API

roscpp::names API reference (ROS Noetic)

Next

高级概念


2024-02-24 12:28